Abstract: The hardly dominated boundary (HDB) is commonly observed in multiobjective optimization problems (HDB-MOPs). However, there are only a few benchmark problems related to HDB-MOPs in the ...

An algorithm is a set of instructions that helps computers solve problems. It forms the foundation of programming and plays a major role in software development, artificial intelligence, and modern ...

Abstract: The Multi-depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Uncertain Demand (MD-VRPUD) can be modeled as a bi-level optimization problem (BLOP), because it requires both assigning customers to different ...

Algorithms are everywhere, even when we do not notice them. They help us search the web, navigate roads, and discover new content online. Understanding how algorithms work is one of the simplest ways ...